執政府成立後，由西哀士、拿破崙、迪科任臨時執政，西哀士並起草新的憲法，但為拿破崙所破壞。拿破崙擔任第一執政，掌握了全國最高的權力，並開始實行了一連串的改革措施。政治上他重劃地方行政以加強中央對地方的控制並全力鎮壓保皇黨的勢力，解決自法國大革命以來動盪的局面，而財政方面則整頓財政、控制預算，更在1800年成立法蘭西銀行發行紙幣穩定貨幣，幫助法國擺脫法國大革命帶來的經濟大蕭條，並保障維護農民土地所有權和實行自由貿易政策，為法國資本主義奠下良好基礎，教育方面則成立帝國大學，督導全國教育；推廣中等教育，以培養公務人員與專業人才，宗教方面則與教宗和解，並保障宗教信仰自由。對外方面則於1800年擊敗奧國軍隊，並逼近奧國南部，迫使奧國簽訂和約。1802年擊敗以沙俄為首的反法聯盟，解除俄國對法國的威脅，一連串對外戰爭的勝利，不但激起法國人民民族主義，也使拿破崙的聲望達高峰。(zh.wikipedia.org/執政府)
Portrait of Bonaparte, First Consul, 1803, (François Gérard)
Proclaimed Emperor of the French on 28 Floréal, An XII (18 May, 1804), Napoleon approached the problem of the emblems of sovereignty on 23 Prairial (12 juin) during a session of the Conseil d’Etat.
The principal element of the new shield, this symbol of imperial Rome, Jupiter’s bird, was associated from the earliest antiquity with military victory. The decree of 10 July, 1804 stipulates that the coat of arms of the emperor should be: ” d’azur à l’aigle à l’antique d’or, empiétant un foudre du même ” (azure with a gold, ancient eagle clutching a thunderbolt of the same colour). This eagle, very different from the motifs of traditional heraldry, also took elements from the Carolingian eagle. The day after the coronation, Napoleon had an eagle placed at the top of the shaft of every flag in the Napoleonic army. (http://www.napoleon.org/en/histo ... -symbols-of-empire/)作者: ngsunyu 时间: 2022-1-9 00:43
1815年10月16日拿破崙被流放至圣赫倫那島。英國對其進行監視與防範的措施，使聖赫倫那島彷彿變成一座監獄。而拿破崙決定在這座島上度過餘生。(zh.wikipedia.org/拿破仑一世)
荣誉军人院（法語：L'hôtel des Invalides），简称荣军院，位於法國巴黎第七區，是巴黎一座重要的古蹟。榮軍院始建於1670年，由當時法王路易十四下令建造，是一家用來接待及治療退伍軍人及抗戰後殘疾軍人的醫院。1861年，拿破崙·波拿巴的陵墓遷葬於榮軍院 圓頂教堂內，此後每天吸引大量遊客，拿破崙棺槨位於一樓中，遊客自二樓環形走廊朝一樓瞻仰，這裏另有一些拿破崙的其他親屬和其他將軍的陵墓。(zh.wikipedia.org/荣军院)
For most people, Napoleon and his hat are one. No symbol ever so completely represented a historical character. Fully conscious of the force of this symbolism, Bonaparte made it part of his image early on in the Consulate. He chose two military uniforms, one of the Grenadiers à pied and the other of the Chasseurs à cheval of the Garde, but the way he wore his hat was entirely his own. Whilst most of his officers wore their hats “en colonne”, that is, perpendicular to the shoulders, Napoleon wore his “en bataille”, that is, with the corns parallel to shoulders. His simple and sober outfit contrasted strongly with the officers around him, glorious in their plumed hats. It meant that he was immediately recognisable amongst his troops on the battlefield.
One of the oldest known hats is that worn by the First Consul at the Battle of Marengo and today held at the Musée de l’Armée. Up to the end of the Empire, the forms and dimensions varied a little, but the general aspect remained the same. As did his hatmaker. Indeed, so much so that Rostand’s Metternich sees irony in it: “In fact the legend comes from a hatmaker/ The real Napoleon, in the end… is Poupard!”. Poupard’s shop, with its sign, “Temple du goût” (Temple of Taste), was situated in the Palais du Tribunat (Palais-Royal), in the gallery on the side next to Rue de la Loi, at n°32. In 1808, the company became ‘Poupard et Cie’, and then in 1811, ‘Poupard et Delaunay’. Every year, he delivered four ‘French’ hats, in black ‘beaver’, decorated simply with a tricoleur cocarde slipped into a silk sheath with a button.
Napoleon always had with him a set of twelve hats. Only four were taken to St Helena. The one presented here is one of those. On the Emperor’s death, one of them was placed in his coffin. Napoleon and his “little hat” rest together for eternity. (Napoleon.org)