拿破崙雙角帽 （法語：Bicorne de Napoléon Ier）

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每年11月第一个周末巴黎都会举办秋季邮展。
2021年的特别邮戳是拿破仑雙角帽。

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雙角帽（Bicorne），1789年的法國大革命後取代三角帽成為流行樣式，廣泛被歐洲的海、陸軍所採用，在許多拿破崙的肖像畫中也可以看到身著戎裝、頭戴雙角帽的拿破崙。隨著拿破崙襲捲歐陸，此形象也深植人心，因此雙角帽也被稱為「拿破崙帽」。(zh.wikipedia.org/雙角帽)

For most people, Napoleon and his hat are one. No symbol ever so completely represented a historical character. Fully conscious of the force of this symbolism, Bonaparte made it part of his image early on in the Consulate. He chose two military uniforms, one of the Grenadiers à pied and the other of the Chasseurs à cheval of the Garde, but the way he wore his hat was entirely his own. Whilst most of his officers wore their hats “en colonne”, that is, perpendicular to the shoulders, Napoleon wore his “en bataille”, that is, with the corns parallel to shoulders. His simple and sober outfit contrasted strongly with the officers around him, glorious in their plumed hats. It meant that he was immediately recognisable amongst his troops on the battlefield.

One of the oldest known hats is that worn by the First Consul at the Battle of Marengo and today held at the Musée de l’Armée. Up to the end of the Empire, the forms and dimensions varied a little, but the general aspect remained the same. As did his hatmaker. Indeed, so much so that Rostand’s Metternich sees irony in it: “In fact the legend comes from a hatmaker/ The real Napoleon, in the end… is Poupard!”. Poupard’s shop, with its sign, “Temple du goût” (Temple of Taste), was situated in the Palais du Tribunat (Palais-Royal), in the gallery on the side next to Rue de la Loi, at n°32. In 1808, the company became ‘Poupard et Cie’, and then in 1811, ‘Poupard et Delaunay’.  Every year, he delivered four ‘French’ hats, in black ‘beaver’, decorated simply with a tricoleur cocarde slipped into a silk sheath with a button.

Napoleon always had with him a set of twelve hats. Only four were taken to St Helena. The one presented here is one of those. On the Emperor’s death, one of them was placed in his coffin. Napoleon and his “little hat” rest together for eternity. (Napoleon.org)

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每年11月第一个周末巴黎都会举办秋季邮展。
2021年的邮票小型张是拿破仑身穿加冕礼服。

热拉尔 (Francois Gerard) 的《Napoleon Ier en costume du Sacre》油画 是 描绘拿破仑身穿他1804年12月2日. 在巴黎圣母院举行加冕大典时的礼服。

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1805年12月2日奧斯特利茨戰役是拿破崙戰爭中的一場著名戰役。75,000人的法國軍隊在拿破崙的指揮下，在波西米亚的奧斯特里茨村（位於今捷克境內）取得對87,000俄羅斯-奧地利聯軍的決定性勝利。這場戰役因為神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世、俄羅斯沙皇亞歷山大一世、法蘭西第一帝國皇帝拿破崙全部親臨戰場，又稱“三皇會戰”。

1805年12月4日，神圣罗马帝国皇帝弗朗茨二世和拿破崙會談，達成停火協議。12月27日，奧地利和法國簽訂普雷斯堡和約。奧地利退出反法同盟，弗朗茨二世取消自己「神聖羅馬帝國皇帝」的封號。至此，第三次反法同盟瓦解，神聖羅馬帝國的歷史也告終結。拿破崙成為歐洲的霸主。(zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/奧斯特利茨戰役)

安托万-让·格罗男爵 (Antoine-Jean Gros) 的1812年画作《奧斯特利茨戰役后拿破崙和弗朗茨二世會談》。

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1951年邮票 2021年再版 ，价格约为 35 欧元。 所以這是唯一的极限片。

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2005年邮票記念奧斯特利茨戰役200週年。

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1813年英國、俄國、普魯士和奧地利组成第六次反法同盟，雙方在現今德國境内多次激戰。雖然法軍取得多次勝利，但是針對拿破崙的壓力卻是越來越大，直到十月的萊比錫戰役法軍被擊潰，各附庸國也紛紛脫離法國獨立，同盟軍開始向巴黎挺進。1814年3月31日，巴黎被占領，同盟軍要求法國無條件投降，同時拿破崙必須退位。同年4月11日，拿破崙宣布無條件投降。同月13日，拿破崙在巴黎楓丹白露宮簽署退位詔書。(zh.wikipedia.org/拿破仑一世)

On the 20 April at noon … Napoleon left his rooms… He descended the flight of steps [above the Cour du Cheval-Blanc, at Fontainebleau Palace] and, passing the row of carriages, he advanced towards the Guard. He made a sign that he wished to speak. Everyone fell silent, and in a most devoted quiet, they listened to his last words.
‘Soldiers of my Old Guard, I bid you farewell. For twenty years you have been my constant companions on the road to honour and glory. In these latter times, as in the days of our prosperity, you have never ceased to be models of courage and fidelity. With men such as you our cause would not have been lost; but the war would have been interminable; it would have been a civil war, and France would only have become unhappier still. I have therefore sacrificed all of our interests to those of la patrie; I shall depart. But you, my friends, continue to serve France. Her happiness was my only thought; it shall continue to be the object of my desires. Do not lament my fate; the only reason I have allowed myself to survive was so that I could further serve our glory. I want to write down the great deeds which we have done together. Adieu, my children! Would that I could press you all to my heart. Let me at least embrace your standard….!’
At these words, General Petit, seized the aigle and stepped forward. Napoleon took the general in his arms and kissed the standard. The silence which this great scene imposed was broken only by the sobs of the soldiers. Napoleon, visibly moved, pulled himself together and began again with a stronger voice:
‘Once again, adieu, my old companions! May this last kiss pass to your hearts!’
Thus he spoke, and bursting out of the group which had formed around him, he threw himself into his carriage…”
Source: Baron Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, Paris: Bossange, 1830, pp. 251-2.
The ‘original’ version of the ‘Adieux de Fontainebleau’, found and quoted by Thierry Lentz in Les vingts jours de Fontainebleau, Paris : Perrin, 2014, pp. 202-3:
“Soldiers of my Old Guard, I bid you farewell.
For twenty years, you have constantly been by my side on the road to honour and glory. You have always behaved with courage and fidelity. Again in these last days, you have given me proof of this.
In your hands, our cause would not have been lost. For three years I could have waged a civil war; but France would only have been more unhappy, there would have been no definitive outcome. The allied powers were presenting all of Europe united against us. One part of the army betrayed me; parties were created to form another government. I have sacrificed all my personal interests for the good of the nation; so I am leaving. You will serve her always with glory and honour; you will be faithful to your new sovereign.
Receive my thanks. I cannot embrace you all, I will embrace your leader, I will also embrace your flag. Come, General, bring forward the flag…” (Napoleon.org)

1814年4月20日，拿破崙在巴黎楓丹白露宮向近衛軍老兵告別。

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拿破崙本人在退位後，根据《枫丹白露条约》被流放到地中海上的一個小島「厄尔巴岛」。拿破崙保留「皇帝」的稱號，可是他的領土只局限在厄尔巴岛上。而在巴黎，路易十八回到法國，重新成為法國國王，波旁復辟。

1815年2月26日拿破崙從厄爾巴島潛返法國，国王路易十八派去的部隊並沒有攻擊他，反而迎接。路易十八逃亡至別國後，拿破仑再次奪得政權。1815年2月26日拿破崙從厄尔巴岛潛返法國，国王路易十八派去的部隊並沒有攻擊他，反而迎接。路易十八逃亡至別國後，拿破仑再次奪得政權。從奪回政權到「滑鐵盧戰役」戰敗只有約一百天的時間，被稱為百日政權。(zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/拿破仑一世)

楓丹白露宮的拿破仑从厄尔巴岛回来时戴的雙角帽，在奖章内, 拿破仑的一缕头发。

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拿破崙去世後九年，新的奥尔良王朝在民意的壓力之下，將拿破崙的塑像重新豎立在旺多姆圓柱上。(zh.wikipedia.org/拿破仑一世)

旺多姆广场（法語：Place Vendôme）中央的旺多姆圓柱由拿破仑下令建造，以纪念奥斯特利茨战役。(zh.wikipedia.org/旺多姆广场)

In 1805, the day after Austerlitz, Vivant Denon, the Director of Museums, proposed that a commemorative column be erected dedicated to the Grande Armée, using the cannons taken from the Austrians. A decree of 1806 confirmed this proposal. Astutely, Denon abandoned the idea of a column dedicated to Charlemagne, deciding rather on a ‘German’ column on which ‘the recent campaign’ was to be ‘set in bronze on an eight hundred and thirty foot bas-relief frieze, representing the memorable campaign of 1805, just as the expedition against the Dacians was carved into Trajan’s Column’.
The column was designed by Lepère and Gondoin and received many different names – first the ‘Austerlitz Column’, then the ‘Victory Column’ finally becoming the ‘Colonne de la Grande Armée’. Lepère supervised the melting down of the 1200 artillery pieces taken from the Russians and Austrians. The following inscription was engraved on the abacus of the capital: ‘Monument erected to the glory of Napoleon the Great’s Grande Armée, begun on 25 August 1806 and finished 15 August 1810’.
The column comprises a stone core enrobed with 425 bronze plaques fixed to the stone with pins. A 280 metre-long frieze of bas-reliefs, designed from drawings by Bergeret, winds round the column depicting the major events of the campaign – from the camp in Boulogne to the return of the Emperor and his guard in 1806. A team of sculptors (including Boizot, Bosio, Bartolini, Ramey, Rude, Corbet, Clodion and Ruxthiel) was commissioned to execute the frieze.
Forty-two metres tall, the column was crowned with a statue commissioned from Chaudet of The Emperor in Roman dress. The statue was taken down by the Allies in 1814 and replaced during the Restoration by a flag bearing fleurs de lys. Under the July Monarchy this was replaced with a statue by Seurre showing Napoleon as ‘Little Corporal’, a statue today held in the Invalides. During Second Empire, a copy of Chaudet’s initial statue designed by Dumont was hoisted to the top of the column to replace that by Seurre.
Dismantled during the Commune at the instigation of Gustave Courbet, the Vendôme column was restored and re-erected once more in 1873; a court case directed the costs for this to Courbet himself, though he was to die before payment could be made. (Napoleon.org)

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在巴黎凱旋門兩面門墩的牆面上，有4組以戰爭為題材的大型浮雕：「出征」、「勝利」、「抵抗」和「和平」。在这些大型浮雕之上是六个浅浮雕，奥斯特里茨战役位于西面。

Above these hauts-reliefs are six bas-reliefs recalling the battle of Austerlitz, the funeral of Marceau, the taking of Alexandria, the battle of Jemmapes, the passage of the pont d'Arcole and the battle of Aboukir.[

La bataille d'Austerlitz (The Battle of Austerlitz), by Théodore Gechter (Western façade).

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奥斯特里茨战役浅浮雕位于巴黎凱旋門西面。

Above these hauts-reliefs are six bas-reliefs recalling the battle of Austerlitz, the funeral of Marceau, the taking of Alexandria, the battle of Jemmapes, the passage of the pont d'Arcole and the battle of Aboukir.[

La bataille d'Austerlitz (The Battle of Austerlitz), by Théodore Gechter (Western façade).

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在巴黎凱旋門兩面門墩的牆面上，有4組以戰爭為題材的大型浮雕：「出征」、「勝利」、「抵抗」和「和平」。

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1833年大型浮雕1810年的「勝利」，拿破仑站在中央，由胜利女神加冕。

Le Triomphe de 1810, by Jean-Pierre Cortot celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory. 1833

"Le Triomphe de 1810" celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory. The Arc de triomphe was intended to honour the victory of Napoleon's army at Austerlitz and in fact became a monument celebrating all his achievements. The architects Chalgrin, Joust and Blouet were charged with the monument's design and Cortot, François Rude, Antoine Etex and Pradier were chosen to carry out the sculptural work involved. The Arc de Triomphe has three arches and the main hauts-relief are positioned on its four pillars. François Rude's "le Départ des Volontaires" and Cortot's "Le Triomphe de Napoléon" face the Champs Elysées, and Etex's "La République" and "La Paix" face the Avenue de la Grande Armée.

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在巴黎軍事博物館（法語：Musée de l'Armée）的 Turenne 前食堂，装饰着 拿破仑的骑马像是路易斯-玛丽·莫里斯 (Louis-Marie Morise)的雕作。